Ask Dr. Litinas is a column that publishes twice monthly as part of The MichiGanja Report—our free, weekly newsletter about all things marijuana. Click here to sign up.
MICHIGAN—Most Michiganders shopping at a dispensary tend to focus almost exclusively on THC and CBD percentages. But those labels on the jar only tell part of the story.
That’s because cannabis actually produces a wide variety of biologically active compounds—including cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds.
And while THC and CBD are the most pharmacologically active compounds—and THC percentage can give consumers a rough idea of potency—THC alone does not determine the overall experience.
The other compounds in the plant—particularly the terpenes—also play a big role in shaping how cannabis is absorbed, how it feels and smells, and what kinds of effects it may have on the human body. And for Michigan consumers, understanding terpenes can help explain why two cannabis products with the same THC percentages can produce very different experiences.
What are terpenes?
Terpenes are aromatic compounds produced by many plants—and they’re responsible for the smells of citrus, pine, lavender, and countless other plant aromas. Cannabis produces more than 100 different terpenes, many of which are also found in fruits, herbs, and essential oils.
While terpenes are best known for their aromas and flavors, research suggests they may also have biological activity in the body that could influence the effects of the plant.
Some studies indicate certain terpenes may possess anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antimicrobial, or sedative properties, although much of this research is still developing.
Terpenes and the ‘Entourage Effect’
One of the most widely discussed concepts in cannabis science is the entourage effect.
This idea suggests that the many compounds present in cannabis—including cannabinoids and terpenes—may work together to influence the overall effects of the plant. Instead of acting alone, THC may be influenced by the surrounding mix of terpenes and other plant compounds.
For example, certain terpenes have been studied for their potential ability to influence mood, relaxation, alertness, or inflammation. When present alongside cannabinoids, these compounds may subtly alter the subjective experience. The entourage effect has been widely discussed, but scientists are still studying just how strong these interactions with the human body may be.
Terpenes and inhalation
When cannabis is inhaled—whether by smoking or vaporization—the compounds in the plant enter the lungs and are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. The lungs contain millions of microscopic air sacs called alveoli, which allow compounds to enter the bloodstream quickly.
Terpenes are volatile molecules, meaning they vaporize easily when cannabis is heated. When inhaled, they can travel through the respiratory system and enter circulation along with cannabinoids. Some terpenes may also influence the respiratory system.
While terpenes may contribute to the inhalation experience, it is important to remember that combustion produces irritants and particulate matter. Chronic exposure to smoke can irritate the airways and negatively affect respiratory health. For this reason, vaporization is often considered a less harmful inhalation method compared to traditional smoking.
My favorite fast-acting products are tincture-based, as I’ve discussed in previous columns.
Terpenes and the brain
Terpenes may also influence the nervous system. Unlike cannabinoids, which primarily interact with cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2, terpenes may interact with a variety of biological systems, including neurotransmitters and ion channels.
For example, some terpenes may influence serotonin or dopamine signaling. Others may affect GABA pathways involved in relaxation and sedation. Certain terpenes may also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects within the nervous system. These interactions may help explain why cannabis products with similar THC percentages can feel very different.
What are the most common terpenes in cannabis?
Although cannabis produces many terpenes, a handful tend to appear most frequently and are often associated with characteristic aromas and potential effects.
Here are five of the terpenes most commonly found in cannabis—and what researchers think they might do:
- Myrcene: Myrcene is often the most abundant terpene found in cannabis. It is also present in plants such as hops, thyme, and lemongrass. Myrcene is associated with earthy, musky, and herbal aromas. Some research suggests it may have sedative, muscle-relaxant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In cannabis culture, products high in myrcene are sometimes associated with more relaxing or “couch-locking” effects, although individual responses can vary.
- Limonene: Limonene is responsible for the bright citrus aroma found in many cannabis varieties and is also abundant in citrus fruit peels. Studies of limonene suggest it may have mood-elevating, stress-reducing, and anti-anxiety properties. Limonene has also been investigated for potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.
- Pinene: Pinene produces the distinct scent of pine forests and is commonly found in pine trees, rosemary, and basil. Two forms exist: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Research has suggested pinene may have anti-inflammatory properties and may also function as a mild bronchodilator, which can help open airways. Some studies have also explored its potential effects on memory and alertness.
- Linalool: Linalool is a terpene best known for its floral lavender-like aroma. It is widely used in aromatherapy and is present in lavender, coriander, and many flowering plants. Research suggests linalool may have calming, sedative, and anxiolytic properties, which may contribute to the relaxing effects associated with certain cannabis varieties.
- Caryophyllene: Caryophyllene has a spicy, peppery aroma and is found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon. It is particularly interesting because it can interact directly with CB2 cannabinoid receptors, which are primarily involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Because of this interaction, caryophyllene has been studied for potential anti-inflammatory and pain-modulating effects.
The bottom line
Terpenes are an important part of cannabis chemistry. They contribute to aroma, flavor, and possibly some of the plant’s effects. However, cannabis remains a complex mixture of hundreds of compounds that scientists are still working to understand.
What is clear is that cannabis is not a single-compound substance—the effects people experience are shaped by a complex interplay of cannabinoids, terpenes, and individual human biology.
Understanding terpenes is one more step toward understanding how cannabis interacts with the human body.
This content is for education, not medical advice. Talk to your doctor before making any health decisions—especially when it comes to cannabis. Products are only for adults ages 21 and up.
READ MORE: Is vaping weed safer than smoking it? A Michigan doctor explains
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